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Lac La Biche Mission National Historic Site on the shore of Lac La Biche, Alberta, photographed in 2012.
CA-K345Indigenous peoples & reconciliation

Lac La Biche Mission

Notre Dame des Victoires / Lac La Biche Mission in Alberta, established by the Oblates in 1853 in the lands of the nêhiyawak (Cree) and other First Nations and the Métis homeland, was created to convert First Nations and Métis peoples to Christianity and became a supply hub for northern missions. From the 1860s its school, run by the Grey Nuns, was among the Catholic Church’s earliest experiments in residential education in the northwest.

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Photo: Grapher78 · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
The school building at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, around 1914–1915 (Library and Archives Canada).
CA-K344Indigenous peoples & reconciliation

The former Portage la Prairie Indian Residential School

At the Portage la Prairie Indian Residential School in Manitoba, built in 1914–1915 and open until 1975, Indigenous children endured abuse, severe discipline, punishment for speaking their languages and isolation from their families. Operated by the Presbyterian and United Churches for the federal government, it was part of a policy the Truth and Reconciliation Commission called cultural genocide; Long Plain First Nation took ownership in 1981 and has made it a place of commemoration and resilience.

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Photo: BiblioArchives / LibraryArchives · Photo licence: CC BY 2.0 · Credit & context
The Dominion Observatory in Ottawa, photographed in 2022.
CA-K340History

The Dominion Observatory, Ottawa

The Dominion Observatory Complex, built between 1902 and 1954 on the grounds of Ottawa’s Central Experimental Farm, is an outstanding collection of early-20th-century scientific buildings. It supported practical astronomy across Canada in surveying, time service and geophysics, and reflects the federal government’s vision of national scientific institutions in the capital.

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Photo: Harleyd613 · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
The Newfoundland National War Memorial in St. John’s, photographed in 2008.
CA-K339History

The Newfoundland National War Memorial

The Newfoundland National War Memorial in St. John’s, unveiled in 1924, commemorates the Dominion of Newfoundland’s contributions to the First World War. An allegorical female figure stands above bronze figures representing the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, Royal Naval Reserve, Mercantile Marine and Forestry Corps, beside the harbour where soldiers departed and returned.

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Photo: Nilfanion · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
The S.S. Klondike in Whitehorse, Yukon, photographed in winter 2012.
CA-K338History

The S.S. Klondike sternwheeler

The S.S. Klondike, a shallow-draft sternwheeler launched in 1937, carried freight and passengers on the Yukon River until 1955, shortly before commercial navigation on the river ended in 1957. Restored by Parks Canada in Whitehorse, it commemorates inland water transportation in the Yukon.

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Photo: Anthony DeLorenzo · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
Flower beds and a path at the Jardins de Métis (Reford Gardens), Quebec, photographed in 2015.
CA-K337Culture & sport

Jardins de Métis (Reford Gardens)

The Jardins de Métis (Reford Gardens) in Quebec were created by Elsie Reford from about 1926 to 1958. Their English-inspired design includes specialized gardens, winding paths and an allée royale. The site’s favourable microclimate supports a diverse collection of plants.

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Photo: Marc-Lautenbacher · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
The Bar U Ranch National Historic Site, Alberta, seen from the interpretive centre in 2011.
CA-K336Economy & trade

The Bar U Ranch and Alberta ranching

The Bar U Ranch in the Alberta foothills was established in 1882 under the federal grazing lease policy and played an important role in Canada’s ranching industry. Owned in turn by the North-West Cattle Company, cattleman George Lane and Patrick Burns, the historic ranch represents Alberta ranching from 1880 to 1950.

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Photo: David Mathew · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica in Ottawa, photographed in 2017.
CA-K335Culture & sport

Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica, Ottawa

Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica in Ottawa, first planned as a parish church in 1839, became cathedral of the new Catholic Diocese of Bytown in 1847 and a basilica in 1879. Its twin spires, Nincheri stained-glass windows and carved sanctuary reflect an exceptional design inspired by the French Gothic Revival, integrating classicism and French-Canadian church architecture.

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Photo: Avramescu Marius · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Cabot Tower on Signal Hill, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, photographed in 2013.
CA-K333History

Signal Hill and Marconi’s 1901 transmission

Signal Hill, overlooking the Narrows into St. John’s Harbour, was important for defence and communications for three centuries, with fortifications built as France and Britain battled for the continent. In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless transmission atop the hill, a landmark in global communications history.

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Photo: KristaKals · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
The Millennium Gate on West Pender Street in Vancouver’s Chinatown, photographed in 2012.
CA-K331History

Vancouver’s Chinatown

Vancouver’s Chinatown, one of the oldest and largest in Canada, developed as a self-segregated enclave partly because of racial hostility elsewhere in the city before the Second World War, and reflects the contributions and struggles of Chinese Canadians. It is known for a distinctive “recessed balcony” architecture that blends Chinese regional styles with western building methods.

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Photo: MRDXII · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
Griffin House in Ancaster, Ontario, photographed in 2010.
CA-K329History

Griffin House, Ancaster

Griffin House in Ancaster, Ontario, was the home of Enerals Griffin, a Black immigrant from Virginia who settled there in 1834, and remained in his family for 154 years. A rare surviving example of early Upper Canadian vernacular housing, it shows the complexity of the Black experience: it was more elaborate than most refugees’ homes and stood in a mainly Euro-Canadian community rather than a planned refugee settlement.

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Photo: Graeme MacKay from Hamilton, Ontario, Canada · Photo licence: CC BY 2.0 · Credit & context
Shingwauk Hall, the former school’s main building, now part of Algoma University in Sault Ste. Marie, photographed in 2012.
CA-K328Indigenous peoples & reconciliation

The former Shingwauk Indian Residential School

The Shingwauk Indian Residential School in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, opened by the Anglican Church in 1875 and closed in 1970, was part of the residential school system that sought to assimilate Indigenous children by separating them from their families, cultures and languages. Named for Chief Shingwaukonse, whose vision of education was lost, it was a Shingwauk school “in name only”; its main building, Shingwauk Hall, is one of the few remaining residential school buildings in Canada.

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Photo: Fungus Guy · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
The site of Fort Amherst, Prince Edward Island, photographed in 2013.
CA-K325History

Skmaqn–Port-la-Joye–Fort Amherst

Skmaqn–Port-la-Joye–Fort Amherst, on Prince Edward Island, was the seat of colonial government from 1720 to 1768, first under the French and then the British. It was a port of entry and a place where Mi’kmaq and French leaders renewed their alliance. In 1758, British authorities used Fort Amherst to organize the forcible removal of more than 3,000 Acadians from the island.

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Photo: Larry from Charlottetown, PEI, Canada · Photo licence: CC BY 2.0 · Credit & context
Tilting seen from Tilting Harbour, Fogo Island, photographed in 2017.
CA-K320Places & geography

Tilting, an Irish outport on Fogo Island

Tilting, a fishing community on the east coast of Fogo Island off Newfoundland’s northeast coast, is a living outport landscape of small wooden houses, outbuildings, gardens and pathways around its harbour. Its family neighbourhood clusters and fenced gardens illustrate adaptations of Irish settlement patterns and traditional outport life.

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Photo: Paul Asman and Jill Lenoble · Photo licence: CC BY 2.0 · Credit & context
Houses in the ghost town of Val-Jalbert, Quebec, photographed in 2008.
CA-K319Economy & trade

Val-Jalbert, a pulp and paper company town

Val-Jalbert, near Lac Saint-Jean in Quebec, was founded in 1901 around a pulp and paper mill. The mill’s closure in 1927 led to the village’s gradual abandonment. Its mill, institutional buildings and wooden workers’ houses were conserved and developed as an open-air museum in the early 1960s, reflecting growing interest in heritage preservation.

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Photo: Mathieu BROSSAIS · Photo licence: CC BY 4.0 · Credit & context
The Gulf of Georgia Cannery in Steveston, Richmond, British Columbia, photographed in 2019.
CA-K318Economy & trade

The Gulf of Georgia Cannery, Steveston

The Gulf of Georgia Cannery, a large complex of wooden fish-processing and canning buildings on a wharf at the mouth of the Fraser River in Steveston, British Columbia, recalls the West Coast fishing industry from the 1870s on. Its buildings, built and modified between 1894 and 1964, stand in what was historically the most important fishing village on the West Coast.

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Photo: Ymblanter · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Massey Hall in downtown Toronto, photographed in 2017.
CA-K317Culture & sport

Massey Hall, Toronto’s concert hall since 1894

Massey Hall, a red-brick concert hall in downtown Toronto that opened in 1894, was a gift to the city from industrialist Hart Massey. Toronto’s major concert hall for much of the 20th century, it is one of Canada’s most important cultural institutions and renowned for its outstanding acoustics.

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Photo: Arild Vågen · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
The Gur Sikh Temple (Abbotsford Sikh Temple), British Columbia, photographed in 2012.
CA-K314History

The Abbotsford Sikh Temple, 1911

The Abbotsford Sikh Temple in British Columbia, built in 1911 and used continuously since, is the oldest surviving example of the temples that played a crucial religious, social and political role in the pioneer phase of Sikh immigration to North America. Its simple false-front wooden building adapts Sikh traditions to a Canadian architectural form.

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Photo: Jacobsimmonds · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
The Vancouver Japanese Language School and Hall on Alexander Street, Vancouver, photographed in 2016.
CA-K313Language & names

The Vancouver Japanese Language School

The Vancouver Japanese Language School, in the city’s Japantown, was the first and largest Japanese language school in Canada, and its 1928 Art Deco building is a rare surviving interwar language school. Of the thousands of properties the federal government confiscated from Japanese Canadians during the Second World War, it is one of very few known buildings returned to its owners after internment.

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Photo: Cordovanorth · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
A sign for North Buxton Park in the Buxton Settlement area, Ontario, photographed in 2015; it does not show the settlement’s original buildings.
CA-K312History

The Buxton Settlement, a planned refugee community

The Buxton Settlement National Historic Site in southwestern Ontario encompasses a cultural landscape of about 4,680 hectares, including North and South Buxton. Its farms, religious institutions and schools preserve the history of a planned settlement founded by Underground Railroad refugees and remain a living memorial to its founders.

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Photo: Ken Lund from Reno, Nevada, USA · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 2.0 · Credit & context
The Africville Monument at Seaview Memorial Park, Halifax, listing the community’s founding families, photographed in 2017.
CA-K311History

Africville, a site of remembrance

Africville, on Bedford Basin in Halifax, was a Black community settled in the 1830s and 1840s, with its own school and church. Its houses were demolished in the 1960s in the name of urban renewal and the land became Seaview Park; the clearance became an enduring symbol to Black Canadians of the need to defend their institutions, and the site is now a place of remembrance and pilgrimage.

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Photo: Coastal Elite from Halifax, Canada · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 2.0 · Credit & context
Old Women’s Buffalo Jump near Cayley, Alberta, photographed in 2009.
CA-K308Indigenous peoples & reconciliation

Old Women’s Buffalo Jump

Old Women’s Buffalo Jump, in the Alberta foothills near Cayley, was used continuously for roughly 2,000 years, leaving archaeological deposits more than six metres deep at the base of its sandstone cliff. It was the site of the first major excavation of a buffalo jump on the Canadian Prairies.

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Photo: Grapher78 · Photo licence: CC BY 3.0 · Credit & context
A stone tablet dated 1717 from the French mission chapel at Meductic, as recorded around 1897.
CA-K307Indigenous peoples & reconciliation

Mehtawtik (Meductic), a Wolastoqey village

Mehtawtik (Meductic), on the west bank of the Wəlastəkw (Saint John River) in New Brunswick, was the principal settlement of the Wəlastəkwiyik (Maliseet) from before the 17th century, valued for hunting, fishing and fertile soil where families planted corn. The village site has been under the waters of the Mactaquac hydroelectric dam since 1968.

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Photo: W.O. Raymond. · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
The mouths of Bonanza Creek and the Klondike River at the Yukon River, photographed in 1900 by Larss & Duclos.
CA-K306Indigenous peoples & reconciliation

Tr’ochëk, “the place at the mouth of the river”

Tr’ochëk, at the confluence of the Yukon and Klondike rivers just south of Dawson City, represents the Hän cultural landscape of the middle Yukon River valley. For countless generations the Hän spent mid-summer to late fall at fishing camps there; its name means “the place at the mouth of the river,” and it is the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in “home” on the Yukon River.

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Photo: Larss & Duclos · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context