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The fur trade linked Indigenous knowledge and trade networks with European demand. The Hudson’s Bay Company received its royal charter in 1670, while Montréal-based traders developed competing networks.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Travel Manitoba · Photo licence: CC BY 2.0 · Credit & context
The citizenship guide describes North American free trade and the former G 8. CUSMA replaced NAFTA in 2020, and current official Canadian information describes the G 7 rather than treating Russia as a current member of that group.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: DXR / Daniel Vorndran · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Discover Canada distinguishes service industries, manufacturing and natural-resource industries. Services provide activities such as banking, education and tourism; manufacturing makes products; resource industries develop materials and energy from the natural environment.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Ymblanter · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
The Musée Boréalis in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, occupies the Canadian International Paper filtration plant, built in the early 1920s to pump, filter and store water for the paper mill. It tells the story of Quebec’s pulp and paper industry, designated a national historic event on August 3, 2006.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Fralambert · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
Fort William Historical Park in Thunder Bay recreates Fort William as it was in 1815, when it served as the North West Company’s inland headquarters in the fur trade.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Doug Coldwell · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
The Textile Museum of Canada in Toronto is dedicated to textile arts. It grew from the Canadian Museum of Carpets and Textiles, founded by Max Allen and Simon Waegemaekers in Toronto’s Mirvish Village.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Raysonho @ Open Grid Scheduler / Grid Engine · Photo licence: CC0 · Credit & context
University Canada West was established in 2004 in Vancouver. Its university programs focus on business and technology and are offered in person and online.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: University Canada West · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
The University of Toronto was founded in 1827. Its Governing Council, established under the University of Toronto Act, 1971, oversees the university’s academic, business and student affairs.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: KTMAR · Photo licence: CC BY 3.0 · Credit & context
On October 7, 1992, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attended the initialling of the North American Free Trade Agreement in San Antonio, Texas.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: David Valdez · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Elk Island National Park lies about 48 kilometres east of downtown Edmonton, in Treaty 6 territory and the Métis homeland. Its rolling hills, lakes and dark skies form a landscape Indigenous Peoples have long used for sustenance, ceremony, trade and travel. The park supports bison, elk and more than 250 bird species.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Khoshhat · Photo licence: CC0 · Credit & context
Harvey Reginald MacMillan, educated at Yale as one of Canada’s first professional foresters, became British Columbia’s Chief Forester in 1912. In 1919 he founded his own company to sell lumber abroad, taking part in a huge expansion of the industry, and its 1951 merger with Bloedel, Stewart and Welch created one of Canada’s largest forest companies. He was made a CBE for organizing forest production in both world wars.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Don Coltman or Steffens Colmer · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Archibald Fraser started in his family’s small sawmill in the 1880s and became a leading pioneer of New Brunswick’s pulp industry. As the lumber trade declined he looked for new uses of the province’s forests, and in 1918 opened a modern pulp mill at Edmundston. He soon became an industry giant, and by his death pulp and paper had replaced lumber as the province’s most important manufacturing industry.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Bouchecl · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
Theodore August Heintzman, a German immigrant and experienced craftsman, worked in a piano factory in the United States before his own business there failed. Arriving in Toronto almost penniless in 1860, he built a piano in his daughter’s home and used the proceeds to start a factory. His company grew quickly into one of Canada’s longest-lived piano makers, selling across the country and abroad.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Unknown author · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Thomas Alexander Crerar began as an agrarian reformer at Russell, Manitoba. As head of the Grain Growers’ Grain Company he helped shape Canadian grain marketing, and championing western farmers he led the Progressive movement to great influence in the 1921 election, ending the federal two-party system. He later served in Mackenzie King’s cabinets and was an active Senate leader until 1966.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Unknown photographer; Library and Archives Canada · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Alexander Gibson, lumber and railway baron and generous benefactor, was a pivotal figure in the Maritime economy as it was integrated into the national economy. A leading New Brunswick entrepreneur, he expanded from lumber into cotton, developing Marysville into one of Canada’s first model company towns. Though his business foundered under overproduction encouraged by the National Policy, he left the province important railway and industrial infrastructure.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Unknown author · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
William Molson, youngest son of Montréal brewer John Molson, helped expand the family empire into distilling, lumber, a foundry, steamships and railways by the mid-19th century. In 1853 he and his brother John founded Molsons Bank, which he led until his death. A leading philanthropist, he was president of the Montreal General Hospital and gave money toward founding and building McGill University, later becoming a governor.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: William Notman · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Hiram Walker, born in Massachusetts, was a successful merchant, distiller and grain dealer in Detroit by the 1850s. After Michigan adopted prohibition in 1855 he bought land across the river in Canada and built a distillery and mill that grew into the company town of Walkerville, later adding cattle finishing, a river ferry and a railway. He played an important part in western Ontario’s economic development.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Unknown photographer; Hiram Walker and Sons archives · Photo licence: CC0 · Credit & context
Clarence Decatur Howe, born in Massachusetts, came to Canada in 1908 and set up an engineering firm in Port Arthur in 1916. Elected in 1935, he dominated Liberal cabinets for more than two decades, tied his party closely to business and drove Canada’s rapid industrialization in war and peace. He led the creation of many Crown corporations, including Trans-Canada Airlines and Atomic Energy of Canada.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Fayer · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
In 1800 the American entrepreneur Philemon Wright founded the farming settlement that became Hull. Turning to the region’s forests for income, he pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade, floating his first raft of square timber to Québec in 1806, and later built Canada’s first timber slides to bypass the Chaudière Falls. The Ottawa Valley became a major source of Canadian timber exports in the second quarter of the 19th century.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Jeangagnon · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Alfred Ernest Cross, born in Montréal and trained in agriculture and veterinary medicine, came west in 1884 and took up ranching. In 1892 he founded the Calgary Brewing and Malting Company, and he was an early investor in Turner Valley oil and gas. He sat in the North-West Territories Assembly from 1898 to 1902 and was one of the founders of the Calgary Stampede.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Curlette · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
William Henry Steeves, born in Hillsborough, was a leading merchant and lumberman before entering politics. He sat in New Brunswick’s Assembly and Legislative Council and was almost continuously in cabinet from 1854 to 1865. Bringing a reform-minded business outlook, he supported the Intercolonial Railway and Confederation to aid the province’s economy, and was named to the Senate in 1867.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Unknown author · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
William Price joined his family’s lumber business in 1885 and took control in 1899, when it was close to failing. To diversify, he bought a pulp mill at Jonquière and helped lead the shift from lumber to pulp and paper, a sector in which Canada became a world leader by the 1920s. His mill at Kénogami was for years Canada’s top newsprint producer.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Fonds Dubuc · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Charles Sherwood Noble, farmer, inventor and entrepreneur, showed the farming potential of the drought-prone Palliser Triangle. During the Great Depression he worked with the Dominion Experimental Farm to promote dry-land farming methods, and in 1936 invented the Noble Blade, a cultivator that cut weeds at the roots without disturbing the soil, greatly reducing erosion. His company became Alberta’s largest maker of such implements.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: unknown (Life time: 1910s) · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Andrew Archibald Macdonald, a Prince Edward Island merchant and shipbuilder, sat in the Legislative Assembly and Council. He attended the Charlottetown and Quebec conferences of 1864, and his notes from Quebec are one of the few original records of that conference. After the Island joined Confederation he became its Lieutenant-Governor and was later named to the Senate.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: William James Topley · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context