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The study guide distinguishes the United Nations, NATO and NORAD. They are not interchangeable: the UN is a global organization, NATO a collective-defence alliance, and NORAD a Canada–United States defence command.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: DXR / Daniel Vorndran · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
The Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia supports the principles of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by building close working relationships with Indigenous peoples who have a claim to, or interest in, the material in its care.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Rr parker · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
Canada has kept a peacekeeping presence in the Golan Heights of Syria since 1974, when it joined the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force after the Yom Kippur War. It is one of Canada’s longest-running international commitments, and more than 12,000 Canadians have served there.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Spaceboyjosh · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson proposed a peacekeeping force, and the United Nations launched its first large-scale peacekeeping mission, the United Nations Emergency Force, commanded by Canada’s Major-General E.L.M. “Tommy” Burns. Canadians served with UN troops in Egypt from 1956 to 1967 and again from 1973 to 1979; Pearson received the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Indonesian Ministry of Information and the Information Department of the Indonesian Army · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Members of the Canadian Armed Forces have served in dozens of peacekeeping efforts with the United Nations, NATO and other multinational operations. Peacekeepers are neutral international troops sent to countries in turmoil to reduce tensions and restore peace, monitoring ceasefires, patrolling buffer zones, clearing landmines and providing humanitarian aid.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Pierre André Leclercq · Photo licence: CC BY 4.0 · Credit & context
In 2011 Canada took part in the NATO-led Operation Unified Protector in Libya through Operation Mobile. It began in February with the evacuation of Canadians and other foreign nationals, then, after the UN Security Council imposed a no-fly zone on 17 March, became a combat operation involving naval ships and fighter, transport, patrol, helicopter and refuelling aircraft. It ended on October 31, 2011, after Gadhafi’s death.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: SAC Sally Raimondo / MOD · Photo licence: OGL v1.0 · Credit & context
In 1999 Canadian CF-18 pilots flew combat missions in NATO’s 79-day air campaign over Kosovo, Operation ALLIED FORCE, which ran from March to June 1999 to end violence and repression in Kosovo. Canada’s part, Operation Echo, had begun in June 1998 when CF-18 Hornets deployed to Aviano, Italy.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Staff Sgt. Jennifer C. Wallis, U.S. Air Force · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Vanier College, a publicly funded English-language CEGEP in Montréal, opened on September 8, 1970, welcoming close to 1,400 students in its first cohort. It is named for General Georges P. Vanier, soldier, diplomat and Governor General of Canada.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Pierre5018 · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Governor General Michaëlle Jean made a state visit to Brazil in July 2007. Her official archive lists the visit among her international activities as governor general.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Roosewelt Pinheiro/ABr · Photo licence: CC BY 3.0 br · Credit & context
Governor General David Johnston made a state visit to India during a trip recorded from February 21 to March 2, 2014.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: President’s Secretariat, Government of India · Photo licence: GODL-India · Credit & context
On July 10 and 11, 2024, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau attended NATO’s 75th Anniversary Summit in Washington, D.C.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: U.S. Air Force / Jasmyne Ferber · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau made an official visit to the United States on March 10, 2016.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Pete Souza · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
On November 14 and 15, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper attended the G-20 Economic Summit Meeting in the United States.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: White House photo by Grant Miller · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Prime Minister Brian Mulroney made an official visit to the United States from March 17 to 20, 1986.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: White House Television Office (Reagan Administration) · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
From May 28 to 31, 1983, Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau attended the Economic Summit Meeting in Williamsburg, Virginia.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: President (1981-1989 : Reagan). White House Photographic Office. 1981-1989 · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau made an official visit to the United States on March 24 and 25, 1969.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: United Press International · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
In 1945, Prime Minister Mackenzie King led the Canadian delegation to the United Nations Conference in San Francisco, which ran from April 25 to June 26.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Nicholas Morant / National Film Board of Canada. Phototheque / Library and Archives Canada / C-022717 · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Lester B. “Mike” Pearson, Canada’s fourteenth prime minister, was an influential diplomat who became Secretary of State for External Affairs in 1948, helped form NATO and won the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership at the United Nations during the Suez crisis. Liberal leader from 1958 and prime minister from 1963 to 1968, he promoted bilingualism, championed the new flag, and brought in universal medicare and the Canada Pension Plan.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Capital Press · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Vincent Massey, diplomat, philanthropist and patron of the arts, was Canada’s first diplomatic minister to Washington (1926–30) and High Commissioner in London (1935–46). He chaired the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, whose 1951 report was a landmark in Canada’s cultural history. In 1952 he became the first Canadian-born Governor General, serving until 1959.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Gar Lunney · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Georges Vanier helped found the Royal 22e Régiment, served with it in the First World War and commanded it from 1925 to 1928. He represented Canada at the League of Nations, in London and in Paris, becoming Canada’s first ambassador to France in 1944. As Governor General from 1959 to 1967, the first French Canadian in that role since Confederation, he devoted himself to national unity.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Canada. Dept. of National Defence. Unknown photographer. · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Louis St. Laurent, born in Compton, Quebec, was a leading corporate lawyer before entering politics as Minister of Justice in 1941. He served as Secretary of State for External Affairs and then as Prime Minister from 1948 to 1957. A strong advocate of national unity, he helped shape the new Commonwealth, signed the United Nations Charter and promoted NATO.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: George Nakash · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Sir Robert Borden, born at Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia, led the Conservative Party from 1901 and was Prime Minister from 1911 to 1920. He guided Canada through the First World War, imposed conscription for overseas service in 1917 and formed a Union government of Liberals and Conservatives. He is remembered above all for insisting that Canada act as an autonomous nation in international diplomacy.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Notman, Boston · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
A. G. L. McNaughton (1887–1966), born in Moosomin in today’s Saskatchewan, played a notable role in Canadian life as a scientist, soldier, politician and diplomat. He served as an artillery officer in the First World War, co-invented the forerunner of radar, led the National Research Council, and represented Canada in senior diplomatic roles after the Second World War.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Unknown author · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Ernest Cormier (1885–1980), born in Montréal and trained at the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris, was an engineer and one of the most renowned Canadian architects of the 20th century, known for innovative design, new materials and attention to every detail. The federal government chose him to represent Canada in designing the United Nations Headquarters in New York (1949–1952).
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Laurent Bélanger · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context