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Explore knowledge selected to support preparation for the Canadian citizenship test. Every record on this page belongs to the Citizenship Test collection within our knowledge base.
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Joy Kogawa was appointed Member of the Order of Canada in 1986. The appointment recognizes an author whose novel Obasan portrays the wartime treatment of Japanese Canadians.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Vancouver Heritage Foundation · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
Robertson Davies was appointed Companion of the Order of Canada in 1972. The appointment recognizes a writer whose work spans literature, theatre and journalism.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Gotfryd, Bernard, photographer · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Michael Smith of the University of British Columbia shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing site-directed mutagenesis.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: File:Michael Smith party at Mary Vickers's house.1994, F-109-7-0-0-10 001.jpg: SCWIST Society for Canadian Women in Science and Technology derivative work: Michał Sobkowski · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Richard Taylor, born in Medicine Hat, Alberta, in 1929, shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics for experiments around 1970 that scattered high-energy electrons off protons and neutrons.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: ENERGY.GOV · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Sidney Altman, born in Montréal in 1939, shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas Cech for discovering that RNA, not only proteins, can act as an enzyme.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: NIH · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
John Polanyi of the University of Toronto shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for contributions to the dynamics of chemical elementary processes.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Bengt Oberger · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Gerhard Herzberg of the National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions to knowledge of the electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Willy Pragher · Photo licence: CC BY 4.0 · Credit & context
During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson proposed a peacekeeping force, and the United Nations launched its first large-scale peacekeeping mission, the United Nations Emergency Force, commanded by Canada’s Major-General E.L.M. “Tommy” Burns. Canadians served with UN troops in Egypt from 1956 to 1967 and again from 1973 to 1979; Pearson received the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Indonesian Ministry of Information and the Information Department of the Indonesian Army · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 began more than six years of fighting on land, at sea and in the air that ended in 1945. More than one million Canadians and Newfoundlanders served in uniform at home and around the world; over 45,000 gave their lives and another 55,000 were wounded.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Canadian Official photographer · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
When Britain declared war in August 1914, Canada, whose external affairs were still governed by the United Kingdom, was automatically at war. More than 650,000 Canadians and Newfoundlanders served in what was then called the Great War; more than 66,000 died and more than 172,000 were wounded. Canada signed the Treaty of Versailles separately from Britain.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Castle, W.I. (William Ivor), official Canadian War photographer · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
The South African War, also known as the Boer War, was fought in southern Africa from 1899 to 1902 between the British Empire and the Boers. More than 7,000 Canadians volunteered to serve alongside British forces, and five earned the Victoria Cross. In February 1900 Canadians played an important role at Paardeberg, the first major British victory of the war.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: D. Gordon E. Robertson · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
In 1945, Prime Minister Mackenzie King led the Canadian delegation to the United Nations Conference in San Francisco, which ran from April 25 to June 26.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Nicholas Morant / National Film Board of Canada. Phototheque / Library and Archives Canada / C-022717 · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Lester B. “Mike” Pearson, Canada’s fourteenth prime minister, was an influential diplomat who became Secretary of State for External Affairs in 1948, helped form NATO and won the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership at the United Nations during the Suez crisis. Liberal leader from 1958 and prime minister from 1963 to 1968, he promoted bilingualism, championed the new flag, and brought in universal medicare and the Canada Pension Plan.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Capital Press · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Ernest MacMillan, composer and organist, was knighted in 1935 for services to music in Canada. For many years he conducted the Toronto Symphony Orchestra and the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir, led the Toronto Conservatory of Music and was dean of music at the University of Toronto. He promoted music at every level, supporting national music organizations, publishing, and conducting and judging festivals across the country.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Noel Rubie · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Sir Robert Borden, born at Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia, led the Conservative Party from 1901 and was Prime Minister from 1911 to 1920. He guided Canada through the First World War, imposed conscription for overseas service in 1917 and formed a Union government of Liberals and Conservatives. He is remembered above all for insisting that Canada act as an autonomous nation in international diplomacy.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Notman, Boston · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Harold Adams Innis, one of Canada’s great scholars, joined the University of Toronto in 1920 and headed its Department of Political Economy from 1937. Through works such as The Fur Trade in Canada, The Cod Fisheries and Empire and Communications, he deeply influenced the study of economics, history, geography, politics and communications.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Unknown photographer (1910s) · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Wilfrid Laurier of Saint-Lin, Quebec, was Canada’s first francophone prime minister, an MP for 45 years and Liberal leader for 32. As prime minister from 1896 to 1911 he presided over the settlement of the West, created Alberta and Saskatchewan and founded the Canadian Navy, and he worked to win greater autonomy for Canada and common ground between English and French Canadians.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Topley Studio · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
John Diefenbaker, a charismatic orator raised in Saskatchewan, was a defence lawyer and MP for some 40 years and Canada’s 13th prime minister from 1957 to 1963. He revived the Progressive Conservative Party, winning a landslide in 1958, and his government extended social programs, promoted Northern development and championed human rights at home and abroad.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Gar Lunney · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
A. Y. Jackson, born in Montréal, studied painting there and in Paris, served overseas in the First World War and was a member of the Group of Seven from 1920 to 1933. His simple, rounded forms in wilderness landscapes gave a powerful image of Canada, and he greatly influenced a generation of Canadian artists.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Unknown photographer (1930); Archives of Ontario, I0007815 · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Captain Angus J. Walters of Lunenburg, a legendary sailor and fisherman, won five consecutive International Fishermen’s Races at the helm of the schooner Bluenose between 1921 and 1938, a great source of pride during the Depression. A top fishing captain, he brought international attention to the Atlantic Canadian fishery.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: W.R. MacAskill (1890-1956) · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Charles Edward Saunders of London, Ontario, was Dominion Cerealist at the Experimental Farm in Ottawa from 1903 to 1922. There in 1904 he developed the famous Marquis wheat, first grown by farmers in 1910, along with other varieties suited to the Prairies such as Ruby, Garnet and Reward.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Unknown author · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Marshall McLuhan, a University of Toronto professor and pioneer of media studies, became famous in the 1960s for his theories about how print and electronic media shape human perception and behaviour. His ideas of the “global village” and “the medium is the message” made him one of the most celebrated scholars in the Western world.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Josephine Smith · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Frederick Varley, a founding member of the Group of Seven, helped establish a national style of painting the Canadian landscape. A masterful portraitist and an official First World War artist, he moved to teach on the West Coast in 1926, and his unconventional use of colour to convey emotion is a singular contribution to Canadian art.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: John Vanderpant · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Healey Willan came to Canada in 1913 to teach at the Toronto Conservatory of Music, now the Royal Conservatory. As organist and choirmaster of St. Mary Magdalene in Toronto from 1921 to 1968, he composed the sacred music for which he is particularly remembered.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Unknown photographer (1930); Archives of Ontario, I0001735 · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context