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O Canada is Canada’s national anthem; God Save the King is the royal anthem. They have different roles. The English words of the national anthem were amended by legislation in 2018.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: William B. Grice · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Quebec’s flag, the fleurdelisé, became its official flag on 21 January 1948. Its design places four white fleurs-de-lys around a white cross on a blue field.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: DXR · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & contextDuring the Second World War, Canada was a major centre of Allied aircrew training through the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. The guide presents this alongside the Battle of Britain, the Atlantic convoys and the liberation of Europe.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: William B. Grice · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
The guide acknowledges wartime injustices: internment of people classified as enemy aliens during the First World War, and the forced relocation and dispossession of Japanese Canadians during the Second World War.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Ethan Sahagun · Photo licence: CC BY 4.0 · Credit & contextDiscover Canada frames early Canadian history through Indigenous, French and British foundations. This is the guide’s framing, not an exhaustive list of Canada’s peoples or a ranking of citizens.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: William B. Grice · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & contextThe guide names Terry Fox, Rick Hansen, Wayne Gretzky, Donovan Bailey and Chantal Petitclerc as examples of Canadian sporting achievement and public contribution. It also connects James Naismith with basketball.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: William B. Grice · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
The guide connects Alexander Graham Bell with the telephone, Joseph-Armand Bombardier with snow vehicles, Sandford Fleming with standard time, and Canadian engineering with the Canadarm.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: NASA · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Discover Canada names the Group of Seven, Emily Carr, Les Automatistes and Kenojuak Ashevak among important Canadian visual-arts examples. It presents cultural achievement in both English and French and across regions and communities.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: John Vanderpant · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & contextCanadian voting rights expanded unevenly. Women’s federal franchise changed in 1918, racial exclusions affecting Asian Canadians were removed from the federal franchise in 1948, and First Nations people gained the federal vote without having to give up status in 1960.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Ethan Sahagun · Photo licence: CC BY 4.0 · Credit & context
The stock-market crash of 1929 was followed by the Great Depression. In Canada, unemployment, business failures and Prairie drought created hardship and strengthened demands for public social protections.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: David Mathew · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
The fur trade linked Indigenous knowledge and trade networks with European demand. The Hudson’s Bay Company received its royal charter in 1670, while Montréal-based traders developed competing networks.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Travel Manitoba · Photo licence: CC BY 2.0 · Credit & context
Confederation in 1867 joined Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. John A. Macdonald became the first prime minister; George-Étienne Cartier was a key Quebec architect. Other provinces and territories entered or were created at later dates.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: DXR / Daniel Vorndran · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & contextThe rebellions of 1837–1838 were followed by Lord Durham’s report and the Act of Union of 1840. Reformers then secured responsible government, requiring ministers to retain the support of elected representatives.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: DXR / Daniel Vorndran · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
British forces, First Nations allies and local volunteers resisted American invasions during the War of 1812. The guide highlights Isaac Brock, Tecumseh, Charles de Salaberry and Laura Secord as important figures.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Anonymous (photographer unidentified) · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & contextThe British victory at the Plains of Abraham in 1759 was a major turning point in the struggle for New France. The Quebec Act of 1774 preserved French civil law and accommodated Catholic religious practice under British rule.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: DXR · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & contextThe guide places John Cabot’s Atlantic voyage in 1497, Jacques Cartier’s voyages in 1534–1542, and Samuel de Champlain’s foundation at Québec in 1608. These European milestones occurred in lands already inhabited by Indigenous peoples.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: DXR · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & contextDiscover Canada links postwar prosperity with expanding social programs. Its timeline includes unemployment insurance in 1940 and the Canada and Quebec pension plans in 1965, alongside publicly funded health care and education.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Ethan Sahagun · Photo licence: CC BY 4.0 · Credit & contextQuebec experienced rapid social and institutional change in the 1960 s, known as the Quiet Revolution. Referendums on Quebec sovereignty were held in 1980 and 1995; the proposals were defeated in both votes.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: DXR · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & contextThe study guide distinguishes the United Nations, NATO and NORAD. They are not interchangeable: the UN is a global organization, NATO a collective-defence alliance, and NORAD a Canada–United States defence command.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: DXR / Daniel Vorndran · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & contextThe citizenship guide describes North American free trade and the former G 8. CUSMA replaced NAFTA in 2020, and current official Canadian information describes the G 7 rather than treating Russia as a current member of that group.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: DXR / Daniel Vorndran · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Discover Canada distinguishes service industries, manufacturing and natural-resource industries. Services provide activities such as banking, education and tourism; manufacturing makes products; resource industries develop materials and energy from the natural environment.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Ymblanter · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are Canada’s three territories. Their capitals are Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit. The study guide also highlights the Canadian Rangers’ role in remote northern communities.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Gerald Holdsworth · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & contextBritish Columbia forms the study guide’s West Coast region. Its capital is Victoria, while Vancouver is associated with the Pacific port and trade links to the Asia-Pacific region.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Ymblanter · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & contextManitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta form the Prairie Provinces. Their capitals are Winnipeg, Regina and Edmonton. Agriculture and natural resources are major themes in the study guide’s description of the region.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: David Mathew · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context