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In the 2021 Census, 18.0% of Canadians could speak both English and French; in Quebec, the rate was 46.4%. English is a minority language in Quebec, while French is a minority language in the other provinces and territories and in Canada as a whole.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: WCL20 Lycée Louis Pasteur Justemila · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
In the 2021 Census, one in four Canadians had at least one mother tongue other than English or French, and one in eight spoke mainly another language at home, both the highest proportions on record. That year, 41.2% of Canadians could hold a conversation in more than one language.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Steve Harris from Toronto, Canada · Photo licence: CC BY 2.0 · Credit & context
More than 70 distinct Indigenous languages are spoken in Canada, and Cree languages and Inuktitut are the main ones. In the 2021 Census, 189,000 people reported at least one Indigenous mother tongue.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Fenerty at English Wikipedia · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
The Métis Nation emerged in the historic Northwest during the fur trade as a distinct Indigenous people with its own culture, traditions, language (Michif) and nationhood. The Métis Nation Homeland includes Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta and parts of Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and the northern United States.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Fungus Guy · Photo licence: CC BY 4.0 · Credit & context
The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement was signed on 11 November 1975 by the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee, the Inuit of Nunavik, Canada, Quebec and Hydro-Québec, after Cree and Inuit court challenges to the James Bay hydroelectric project. The Cree Nation Government describes it as the first modern Indigenous land claim agreement and treaty in Canada.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Peter Van den Bossche · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 2.0 · Credit & context
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the national Inuit organization formerly called the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, was founded in February 1971 by seven Inuit community leaders. It grew out of shared concern about land and resource ownership in Inuit Nunangat.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: U.S. Department of the Interior · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 2.0 · Credit & context
Pimachiowin Aki, Anishinaabemowin (Ojibwe) for “the land that gives life,” is a boreal forest in Manitoba and Ontario under Indigenous stewardship. Inscribed in 2018, it is Canada’s first mixed (natural and cultural) World Heritage property and testifies to the Anishinaabe tradition of Ji-ganawendamang Gidakiiminaan (Keeping the Land).
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Timkal · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi, in Alberta’s Milk River Valley, is a sacred site where the Blackfoot (Siksikáítsitapi) left engravings and paintings on the sandstone walls. The landscape remains sacred to the Blackfoot and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2019.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Nodin Cutfeet · Photo licence: CC BY 4.0 · Credit & context
SG̱ang Gwaay Llnagaay (Nan Sdins), on an island at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, bears unique testimony to Haida culture. The 19th-century village keeps the remains of 10 houses and 32 memorial or mortuary poles, and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Yvrsigmatech · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (estipah-skikikini-kots in Blackfoot), in southwestern Alberta, is the biggest, oldest and best-preserved buffalo jump in North America. Plains peoples drove bison over its cliffs for perhaps 5,700 years, until the mid-19th century; it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Thomas Fuhrmann · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
In March 2013, Chris Hadfield became the first Canadian to command a spaceship when he took command of the International Space Station. In 2001 he had become the first Canadian to venture outside a spacecraft in orbit.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: NASA · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Marc Garneau became the first Canadian in space on Space Shuttle mission STS-41G aboard Challenger, 5–13 October 1984. He was one of the first six Canadian astronauts, selected in December 1983.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: NASA · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
The Canadarm, a Canadian-built robotic arm for NASA’s Space Shuttle, was launched aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on mission STS-2 on 12 November 1981.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: NASA · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
With the launch of Alouette I on 29 September 1962, Canada became the third nation, after the Soviet Union and the United States, to design and build its own satellite.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: User:Captmondo · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
The subarctic Torngat Mountains of northern Labrador are an Inuit homeland, rich in stories and traditions. Torngat Mountains National Park protects a landscape of glacier-carved fjords and some of Earth’s oldest rocks.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Paul Gierszewski · Photo licence: Public domain · Credit & context
Mistaken Point, on the southeastern tip of Newfoundland, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016. Its fossils, 580 to 560 million years old, include the world’s oldest-known examples of large, architecturally complex organisms.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Alicejmichel · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Gros Morne National Park in Newfoundland, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was shaped by colliding continents and glaciers. Its Tablelands are a rare outcrop of the Earth’s mantle pushed upward about half a billion years ago.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Dunmaghlas · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
In 1885, the government created a 26 km² Hot Springs Reserve around the Cave and Basin hot springs in Banff. On 23 June 1887, the reserve was expanded to 665 km² and became Rocky Mountains National Park, the first national park in Canada.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Sovernigo · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context
Elections Canada is an independent, non-partisan agency of Parliament, headed by the Chief Electoral Officer. The position of Chief Electoral Officer was created in 1920 by the Dominion Elections Act, largely to end political partisanship in the administration of federal elections.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Can Pac Swire · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 2.0 · Credit & context
The Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 with six judges. The number rose to seven in 1927 and to the present nine in 1949, and the Supreme Court Act requires that three of the nine be appointed from Quebec.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Rleir · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables was published in 1908. Green Gables Heritage Place in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island, preserves the farmstead that inspired her.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Hayden Soloviev · Photo licence: CC BY 4.0 · Credit & context
York Factory, a Hudson’s Bay Company depot on Hudson Bay in Manitoba, was a vital fur trade hub for more than 250 years. It served as the gateway to the vast interior for British trade goods, settlers and soldiers, and lies on Treaty 5 territory.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Travel Manitoba · Photo licence: CC BY 2.0 · Credit & context
Batoche, a Métis settlement on the South Saskatchewan River north of Saskatoon, was the scene of Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont’s last stand during the Northwest Resistance of 1885. Parks Canada describes it as a symbol of Métis resilience and cultural renewal.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Dave Bonser · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Credit & context
The Korean War began on 25 June 1950 and fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953. More than 26,000 Canadians served on land, at sea and in the air, and 516 Canadians died.
Contributor: Citizen.ca
Photo: Jeangagnon · Photo licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Credit & context